| 1 |
FIBERS |
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| 2 |
Vegetable Fibers |
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Dusts, molds haz.; cotton, flax, hemp, sisal, jute, flax highly
toxic |
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Mildewed cotton/yarn can cause Weaver's cough; carpel tunnel;
eyestrain |
Examine yarn and fiber for mold before buying it; store
yarns/fibers in dry location; use good ventilation, dust mask; vacuum/wet
mop daily; use sufficient lighting; adopt comfortable working position;
have regular lung function tests |
| 3 |
Animal Fibers |
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Risk of anthrax; molds, spores, feces |
Risk of anthrax; molds, spores, feces, animal dander |
Risk of anthrax in mostly goat and camel hair |
Don't use animal hair, especially goat, from Middle Eastern and
Central Asian countries, unless certified sterilized; have sterilizing
done professionally, by autoclave, ethylene oxide, formaldehyde;
microwaving doesn't work |
| 4 |
Man-Made Fibers |
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Dusts irritating; formaldehyde irritating |
Formaldehyde irritating |
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Don't store large quantities of cloth that has been treated
w/formaldehyde in studio; use good ventilation; examine cloth
closely |
| 5 |
DYEING |
Not adequately studied |
Dye powders haz. |
Not adequately studied |
Long-term hazards not adequately studied |
Buy dyes in liquid or paste form when possible; mix powders inside
glove box, hood, or wear respirator; wear gloves; install canopy hood over
dye bath |
| 6 |
Acid Dyes |
Acetic acid, sulfuric acid highly corrosive; sodium sulfate
slightly toxic |
Glacial acetic acid, sulfuric acid highly corrosive |
Glacial acetic acid, sulfuric acid highly corrosive |
May be carcinogenic; splashing acid highly haz.; long-term effects
not studied |
Use vinegar instead of diluting glacial acetic acid/sulfuric acid;
always add the acid to the water; wear gloves, goggles, protective apron,
eyewash fountain, emergency shower; use canopy hood for boiling dye
baths |
| 7 |
Azoic Dyes |
Lye highly corrosive; sulfonated castor oil moderately
toxic |
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Severely irritating; lye highly corrosive |
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Avoid azoic dyes; wear gloves and goggles when handling
lye |
| 8 |
Basic Dyes (Cationic Dyes) |
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Not known if they cause respiratory allergies |
Cause skin allergies |
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Buy dyes in liquid or paste form when possible; mix powders inside
glove box, hood, or wear respirator; wear gloves; install canopy hood over
dye bath |
| 9 |
Direct Dyes (Azo Dyes) |
Benzidine & derivatives extremely toxic, highly toxic |
Benzidine & derivatives extremely toxic, highly toxic |
Benzidine & derivatives possibly highly toxic |
Extremely carcinogenic; long-term haz. unknown |
DON'T USE direct dyes based on benzidine or
derivatives |
| 10 |
Disperse Dyes |
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Cause skin allergies |
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Buy dyes in liquid or paste form when possible; mix powders inside
glove box, hood, or wear respirator; wear gloves; install canopy hood over
dye bath |
| 11 |
Fiber-Reactive Dyes (Cold-Water Dyes) |
Sodium carbonate highly corrosive |
Severe respiratory allergies; sodium carbonate highly
corrosive |
Sodium carbonate moderately corrosive |
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Purchase liquid, fiber-reactive dyes rather than powdered dyes; mix
full package of dye at a time, instead of storing partly filled packages;
use glove box, or open packet under water, while wearing gloves, goggles;
wet mop |
| 12 |
French Dyes |
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Ethyl alcohol mildly irritating, slightly toxic |
Methyl alcohol moderately toxic |
Solvents flammable |
Use only dyes containing ethyl alcohol; dilute dyes w/water,
isopropyl alcohol, denatured alcohol, not methyl alcohol; use with good
ventilation; don't allow open flames |
| 13 |
Household Dyes (Union Dyes) |
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Usually include acid dyes, basic dyes, fiber-reactive
dyes |
Buy dyes in liquid or paste form when possible; mix powders inside
glove box, hood, or wear respirator; wear gloves; install canopy hood over
dye bath |
| 14 |
Mordant Dyes |
Not extensively studied |
Not extensively studied |
Not extensively studied |
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Wear rubber gloves when mordanting, preparing dye baths, and
dyeing |
| 15 |
Natural Dyes |
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Usually no hazard; some plants release irritating vapors |
Possibly haz. |
Haz. about carcinogenic effects unknown; mordants haz. |
Wear rubber gloves when mordanting, preparing dye baths, and
dyeing; prepare your own dye bath; use glove box/respirator with dye
powders; let fiber sit in mordant, cold water in container with lid, let
stand, rinse, dye |
| 16 |
Vat Dyes |
Prereduction dyes moderately irritating; sodium hydroxide, chromic
acid highly corrosive |
Prereduced dyes moderately irritating; sodium hydrosulfite
moderately irritating |
Prereduction dyes moderately irritating; sodium hydroxide highly
corrosive; chromic acid highly corrosive |
May cause allergies; sodium hydrosulfite forms highly toxic sulfur
dioxide gas; carcinogenic |
Wear gloves, respirator, goggles; mix in glove box; don't store
solutions containing sodium hydrosulfite; don't oxidize w/chromic acid;
use heat and air instead |
| 17 |
Special Dyeing Techniques |
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| 18 |
Tie-Dyeing |
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Risk if dye is splashed |
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Wear gloves and goggles; buy dyes in liquid or paste form when
possible; mix powders inside glove box, hood, or wear respirator; wear
gloves; install canopy hood over dye bath |
| 19 |
Batik |
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Wax irritating when overheated; carbon tetrachloride extremely
toxic |
Carbon tetrachloride extremely toxic |
Carbon tetrachloride probable carcinogen; benzene
carcinogen |
Don't melt wax w/open flame or hot plate w/exposed element; use
electric frying pan to avoid overheat.; heat to lowest temperature; use
exhaust fan; use several layers of newspaper; use mineral spirits to
remove residual wax |
| 20 |
Discharge Dyeing |
Sodium hypochlorite moderately toxic |
Sodium hypochlorite moderately toxic; chlorine gas highly
toxic |
Sodium hypochlorite moderately toxic |
Addition of ammonia to bleach highly poisonous |
Don't use bleach to remove dye from hands; wear gloves/barrier
cream to protect your skin; have dilution ventilation; don't heat bleach
solutions or add acid or ammonia to bleach |
